In my last presentation, Easter egg hunt in the Laramie Mountains, we covered the near perfect cross of canyons made by two out-of-phase circuits coming together. In Part 2, we’ll look at the wind cut valleys around the cross that resulted from induced winds.

Many readers will recall Michael Steinbacher. He theorized landscapes formed by electric winds that prevented deposition of dust raining from the sky. He even performed experiments that demonstrated electric winds doing it. What I’m showing you is exactly what he was talking about.

Wind cut channels are sometimes narrow, straight and deep like the capacitive winds in figure 11, and sometimes they snake, divide and join following induction currents, cutting broad valleys with funnel shaped inflows, as shown in Figures 12 through 14. The (a) image is annotated with wind patterns and the (b) image is without markings for comparison.

Winds in the NE quadrant flowed parallel to the SE quadrant winds, and both cut perpendicular to magnetic field lines, but the NE winds shoot inside the loop of magnetic field lines to the apex, whereas the SE winds cut across the loop sideways.

In the NW quadrant, winds followed magnetic field lines, making a sharp bend at the crux of the “X” and staying inside the quadrant, but lifting as they made the turn.

The SW quadrant has a split personality. In one half winds flow straight at the crux of the “X” in direct opposition to wind from the NE quadrant. These winds met in a central updraft that lifted them vertical. In the other half of the quadrant, winds circulate, making an “S” shaped pattern that begins parallel to, and then crosses magnetic field lines perpendicularly.

The reason for winds to flow either parallel to, or perpendicular to magnetic field lines is induction. Both moving magnetic fields and electric fields induce current. Reactive current is called capacitive when it follows electric fields. It is called inductive when it follows magnetic fields. Magnetic fields are perpendicular to electric fields in certain conditions. Since these mountains formed from circuits 180 degrees out-of-phase, things tend to line-up.

The Laramie circuit produced induction currents following both electric and magnetic fields. Winds in the NE quadrant were due to capacitive reactance, following the electric field. The NW quadrant winds were due to inductive reactance, aligned with magnetic field lines. The SW and SE quadrant winds were combinations of capacitive and inductive currents, but expressed in different geometries.

Reactive currents express either inductive, or capacitive behavior, or a mix in different parts of the circuit. Therefore it’s not surprising the southern quadrants have blended currents. What is surprising is how clear the pattern is etched, in spite of all the chaos and violence of this event. On display are electromagnetic forces that stirred the earth, like we would stir iron filings with a magnet.

Further away from the discharge, the southern quadrants mixed into a large tornado with two satellite whirlwinds that lifted wind in this quadrant into the mesocyclone storm (Figure 15). This tornado region sits just south of the “X” which marks the center of the mesocyclone’s central updraft. This position corresponds well with the formation of “wall clouds” that spawn tornadoes in typical thunderstorms.

Shock waves reverberated absolutely everywhere, creating nearly vertical oriented tetrahedrons layered like fish scales. Shock waves from winds sucking into the maelstrom left triangular wave-forms where separation bubbles formed beneath screaming jet-streams. They display direction of winds that confirms the wind paths described.

Where wind exceeds supersonic speed and is forced to change direction, shock waves form. They are like folds in the fabric of the wind, which is stiffened into laminar jet streams segregated by extreme pressure differentials.

Tornadoes draw ground winds from all directions, but in a supersonic tornado, there is an inlet zone where the majority of wind enters the rotation. They are drawn from ambient jet stream winds that the tornado forms tangent to. Figure 16 shows winds entering the whirlwind change direction from linear to rotation, forming a large shock wave tangent to the rotation, and parallel to the jet stream (note 1). This inflow shock wave is a distinct feature of tornado “footprints” if the winds involved were supersonic.

If the winds also rotated at supersonic speed, additional shock waves form tangent to the rotation at points of shear between the rotating winds and ambient winds (note 2).

Finally, tornadoes may form shock waves due to shearing interior to the rotation where they curl inside the inlet zone (note 3).

The largest tornado in Figure 15 lies in the SE quadrant and produced Laramie Peak. It’s the highest point in the range at 10,260 ft, and sits next to a gouged-out valley that dips to 6,700 ft elevation. Both the valley and the peak are within the tornado’s rotation. Tornadoes form a cambered debris “bowl” where the winds scrape the ground. The debris is lifted away where the force of inlet winds carve at the land, and then are deposited on the opposite side of the rotation as the winds lift (Figure 17). Mt. Laramie is one such deposit.

Shock waves are evident where supersonic winds change direction. Examples in Figure 18a are tetrahedrons formed in the NE quadrant, where winds following the electric field lifted to create separation bubbles. They form tetrahedrons in linear rows conventionally known as monoclines, but they are, in fact, supersonic “sand dunes”. This is especially evident if you examine the breaks and inflections caused by constructive and destructive interference patterns.

Figure 18a shows tetrahedrons formed by jet stream winds rising to the mesocyclone in Area 1. A new set of tetrahedral dunes formed in Area 2, which deflected winds and starved Area 3, leaving a triangular interference zone that pinched out formation of tetrahedrons from the shock wave of Area 1. The gap between Areas 1 and 2 turned the wind and formed a tornado (Area 4) in it’s eddy.

Figure 18b shows these same features from another angle and how eddy currents form behind tetrahedrons in a low pressure zone beneath the rising winds. These are, in effect, destructive interference troughs behind the constructive peak of the wave pattern as winds undulated across the ground.

Stepping back to look at the entire heart-shaped circuit domain in Figure 19; blue lines trace the ground level jet stream winds, violet swirls indicate where tornadoes made definitive features on the ground, red “x”s are discharge patterns, and the green areas are where the thunderstorms down-drafted to the rear and rear flank of the storm (also Figure 20). The two lakes are where the circuits connected to ground deep in the Earth, leaving a distinct “V” shaped land form between them forming the base of the “heart”.

The top of the heart is an accumulation of positively charged matter swept there by winds in-flowing to meso-cyclone updrafts, and the bottom of the heart is a negatively charged basin swept clear by down-drafting winds. These are the anodic and cathodic sides of the domain, neatly separating the top and bottom of the heart. There are several other symmetries and heart analogies hidden there.

This would have been a horrible place. The discharges blasted negative ions and free electrons away in arc blasts, while drawing positive ions inward. The velocities, temperatures and densities of the winds differed, their dielectric properties differed, their charge densities differed; and they segregated, with the positive inflow hugging the ground, accumulating dust that adhered to the statically charged land. The drag of the winds covered the land with blankets of dust, layered like fish scales, hardened by sonic pressure and electric currents that snapped and crackled everywhere.

The clouds roiled in whirling updrafts overhead. A squall-line of heavy thunderstorms formed in mirror image to the chaos on the ground, spitting lightning in carpet bomb fashion that would have made the clouds glow. Rain fell in torrents of mud and rock. Supersonic winds scoured the ground, in-flowing to biblical whirlwinds, and sonic shock waves reverberated in electrified sheets of plasma current; the entire atmosphere surrounding the storm patterned in the shock-diamond herringbone of flashing, ionized shock waves.

Lightning discharge blossomed like acne, leaving pinnacles, dikes, craters and domes in regions of high tension. Winds stirred around these discharges, disturbing the ambient winds into transient cyclones that left hardened dunes as monuments. And the winds reached supersonic speeds patterned by shock waves that embossed the land with triangular and polygonal wave-forms.

At the time they were made, with all the violent turbulence, heat and electric currents, the mountains likely resembled not so much hard granite, but puddles of hot jam, squished into form by wind and mashed by an electric fork.

This whole mountain range is direct and unequivocal evidence of electric formation. Conventional means of uplift, faulting and erosion requiring several eons of disconnected events could not, by any reasonably statistical probability produce phase diagrams 15 miles across the face of the earth with induced current paths shaped by magnetic field lines.

The features of these mountains are coherent only when recognized as the result of electrical circuits in the Earth. Each ridge line and canyon, every hill and dale, can be tied to a sequence of events that occurred at one particular phase in Earth’s evolution involving extreme electrical stress on the planet.

Conventional science can’t explain why any two of these features coexist, let alone demonstrate their disjointed theories empirically, or model them with any real plausibility on computers. But you can make discharge patterns like this with some wire and an AC power source. Or, as I have done, bring two out-of-phase plasma balls into contact.

I simply powered one plasma ball with AC current and one with DC, so it produced and in-phase/out-of-phase sequence as the AC side alternated. Between the two balls, the sparks joined and spread with each pulse, like hands clasping, then spreading fingers to push away as energy expended in reactive discharges, perpendicular to the in-phase current flow, just like the “X” patterns in the mountains.

The plasma interaction between the plasma balls didn’t occur at the glass barrier of the globes, as you might expect. It occurred inside the DC ball with the weaker voltage, pushed there by the higher voltage AC ball. Unfortunately, the experiment fried my plasma balls before I could film it. I don’t have the kind of high speed equipment needed to properly photograph it anyway. This image in Figure 21 however, does capture the effect, although I don’t know the circuitry of this set-up.

Figure 21 shows a Tesla coil discharging to an electrode. White filaments of current direct connect to the electrode, while violet plasma flames of reactive power shoot outward in a cone around the discharge. The angle of the cone isn’t 90 degrees, but that is an artifact of this particular circuit and its phase angle.

The Laramie circuit resulted in a discharge along a dipolar alignment between circuit domains, with a capacitive reaction aimed clockwise 90 degrees from the dipolar alignment, and an inductive reaction 90 degrees counter-clockwise, forming a cross, because the domains were exactly 180 degrees out-of-phase.

So, you see the world is a more understandable place than you have been led to believe. To understand it we need to recognize the Earth contains holographic imagery of it’s past charge distributions. We need to recognize that charge distributions result from circuitry that can be traced, understood and put to experiment and modelling. The information is there to learn vastly more than we know today about its creation. To get the info, we just need to ask the right questions.

Thank you.

In the final chapter of the Eye of the Storm series I presented Easter eggs – surprise geologic findings that confirmed a theory, or presented astonishing new information about Earth’s electric circuitry. Exploring the Electric Earth is a perpetual egg hunt, because every rock confirms the Bunny is REAL.

Electrical discharges follow patterns and behaviors that yield definitive information about cause and effect. Discharge patterns on the landscape indelibly record discharge events, like a holographic data bank.

Chapters 8 and 9 of Eye of the Storm discussed surface conductive discharges across Earth’s surface that formed the Colorado River and it’s tributaries. The trace of a surface conductive discharge is particularly rich in information, because, unlike a lightning bolt that momentarily sticks on the Earth, a surface discharge has to crawl across the surface, meeting significant impedance, seeking out conductive pathways, expending vast energies transporting matter, while explosively faulting and excavating. It takes time, it’s not energy efficient and it leaves its mark.

A stunning display of a particular type of surface conductive discharge can be found in the Laramie Mountains in Wyoming (Figure 1). Embedded in these mountains are gorges and ridge-lines that literally form a phase diagram of what took place. It couldn’t be more explicit than if God had left his blueprint on the drafting table for all to see. This fifteen mile cross is from a discharge between two out-of-phase circuits.

First, however, let’s consider the geometry of a surface conductive discharge. Each discharge branches out in fractal, self similar dendrites, to absorb all the surface charge on the conductive object it’s attached to (Figure 2a) – in our case it’s the Earth. This is diffusion limited aggregation. Each filament of a discharge soaks up charge from a particular domain. The domain is a region surrounding the spark defined by it’s electromagnetic field, from which it sucks charge of one polarity and spits charge of the other polarity in reactive power surges. It does this because it’s not insulated current like we use in electrical systems.

Filament domains cover every square inch of solid land on the planet. We call them watersheds, because they serve to collect rain waters into river channels, but that’s a consequence, not a cause. The Earth once crawled with electrical discharges. This should be self evident in any theory of planetary formation. In consensus theories, planet and comet collisions would necessitate big sparks. In Electric Universe theory, sparks are already acknowledged. Why consensus science doesn’t look for evidence of electrical discharge is evidence they don’t ask the right questions.

What is interesting – the big Easter Egg I’m getting to – is that domains cross and the filaments interact. Giant sparks result. The interaction we’ll investigate created a landscape that can only be explained electrically. The statistical probability of consensus theories doing it is nigh impossible.

Domains don’t usually cross, because skin effects occur between domains that keep them segregated as if by a membrane (Figure 2b). But they can cross and interact if domains are out of balance. An over-voltage in one could make it aggressive and overcome another. Depending on phase disparities, this can be a gentle hand holding connection, or it can be an explosive punch. We will look at one of the explosive kinds.

The Laramie Range – Shot Through The Heart

The annotated image in Figure 3 shows the area of interest, circled in violet, including the Laramie Mountains surrounded by green and red circles. The Laramie’s are part of the Continental Divide as it cuts through south-eastern Wyoming. The circles denote the major streams flowing from the mountains. Green are streams flowing to the North Platte, and thence to the Missouri and ultimately the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf of Mexico. Red are streams that flow to a sink in the basin west of the mountain range. The sink forms the Seminoe and Pathfinder Reservoirs, also circled in red west of the mountains, and the North Platte River forms the Glendo Reservoir on the opposite side, circled in green.

The high basin drains around the mountains in two flows (yellow connections). North Platte runs near Casper Wyoming around the north of the mountains, and the Laramie flows from Medicine Bow to Fort Laramie through a pass to the south of the range. The overall structure is shaped like a heart, with the mountains filling the upper half, the basin filling the lower and the rivers acting as arteries and veins.

“X” Marks the Spot

The distinctive yellow “X” in the center of the range in Figure 3, is a discharge pattern that occurred when the North Platte filament of the Mississippi discharge met a separate domain with a different phase. What you see is literally a natural phase diagram that records the phase angles of the discharge. The discharge took place because the Missouri circuit was an AC current that made connection to a ground current in the basin, and sparks shot between the circuits where their domains came together. The Laramie Mountains formed as a consequence.

The discharge adopted an “X” pattern where it made connection, with east-west branches vectored along the electric field denoted by the dotted red and green lines in Figure 3. The electric field is the dipolar alignment between the lakes. The lakes, or the depressions where these lakes are, were created in the same discharge event that met at the crux of the “X” and sent reactive discharges rotated at 90 degrees to the originating spark between the circuit domains. The discharge is much like the “resonant frequency discharges”, discussed in Chapter 8 and 9 of Eye of the Storm, which created the major 180 degree (or nearly so) branches of the Colorado (Figures 4).

The geometry is different, an “X” instead of a “T”, but that is because the “X” is a resonant discharge between two existing circuit domains, whereas the “T” is a result of a single circuit bifurcating.

The bifurcating discharge meets critical resistance due to a build-up of stray capacitance that resonates the circuit, increasing frequency and therefore resistance until the current is stopped, causing it to explode in reactive discharges 90 degrees to either side of the original current, as shown in Figures 4.

The “X” is produced by two out-of-phase circuit domains coming together. The Missouri circuit is an alternating current, whereas the basin circuit is a direct current-to-ground. The two circuits go in and out of phase with each other as the AC current alternates. This makes a connection, then a discharge. The discharge is totally in the reactive power mode, because the out-of-phase circuits are 180 degrees out-of-phase and that has the same effect as resonant discharge, raising resistance to infinity and forcing the current out sideways at 90 degrees.

The first case is like putting a finger over the nozzle of a hose and forcing water to spray out sideways, 90 degrees to the direction of the nozzle. The second case is like having two hoses aimed at each other, and where the streams impact, flow sprays out sideways. In one, the blocked water pressure changes flow direction and makes a “T”, and the other, two flows impact and the pressure changes flow direction to make an “X”.

The reactive discharge dissolves the voltage differential between circuits by expending their charge – the entire accumulated charge in the Missouri circuit, in this case – in an explosive “X” shaped spark.

It created what astrophysicists call “magnetic re-connection”. Astrophysicists don’t recognize electric circuitry in space because, in dark mode, current doesn’t emit radiation they can detect. Since they can’t see it, their reductionist minds can’t make the intuitive leap to circuitry, but they do detect the magnetic flux that results. They invented the term “magnetic reconnection” in lieu of an explanation, because they can’t fathom the simplicity of two out-of-phase circuits coming together to make a spark.

Figure 5 is a .gif of “magnetic re-connection”. The moving lines are magnetic field lines – the things astrophysicists think are re-connecting – but they are actually the magnetic field lines generated by current flow oriented along the dotted lines. Their model only recognizes magnetism, so the dotted lines are just separators of the magnetic field in their .gif. The big yellow arrows pointed inwards and outwards in different quadrants of the “X” are the vectors of electric current induced by the changing magnetic field.

In the Laramie’s, induced currents were expressed in the atmosphere by plasma winds. Plasma winds drew to the crux of the discharge at ground level in the top and bottom quadrants, and blew outwards at high level like an anvil cloud in the right-left quadrants. The winds lifted in a vertical updraft over the center of the “X”. But even more astounding is the effect that magnetic fields and reactive currents had shaping the entire basin and range structure. The landscape is a 3-D photograph of what happened.

To appreciate what took place, the three dimensional nature of the circuit domains needs to be recognized. Charge diffused across the ground, as well as through the ground and into the sky. Capacitance between the Earth and sky forced mirroring currents in the atmosphere, stirring a violent storm system. Think of it as a local squall line of thunderstorms raging over the mountains at the time they were formed and while the ground discharge took place. The central updraft over the “X” formed a huge mesocyclone, flanked by smaller thunderheads to either side. Most of the energy of the discharge went straight up, into the meso-cyclone, pulsing it with energy. The wind paths to be described are ground level winds, shaped by the electromagnetic field at the planet’s surface.

The combined effect of the discharge at ground level, it’s magnetic field and the resultant plasma winds are shown in Figure 6. The discharge makes the “X” pattern, shown in red. The magnetic field lines (blue) are as shown as in Figure 5 in the pattern of “magnetic reconnection”. The wind vectors are shown in yellow.

Figure 7 shows how these winds patterned around the “X”. The winds in the NE and SE quadrants flow parallel. In the NE, they cross magnetic field lines perpendicularly, flowing straight to the crux of the discharge. These winds were narrow jet streams that cut valleys as shown in Figure 8.

Jet stream winds leave valleys like shown in Figure 8, with broad rounded, or “V’ cut bottoms carpeted with silt, but no inner gorge. They may have superficial, meandering stream erosion, but not a deep, straight, inner gorge. We’ll examine more wind cut valleys later, but first let’s distinguish between wind cut valleys and the discharge blasted canyons that form the “X”.

The path of a discharge leaves canyons rough cut, with a deep inner gorge like shown in Figure 9. This is the Platte River, or north-eastern arm of the “X”.

The sides of the discharge canyon indicate arc blast which exposed granite tetrahedrons. On one side the tips of tetrahedrons (leeward side) jut out, exposed and broken (Figure 10b), whereas the other side shows the flat faces of windward tetrahedrons (Figure 10a). This indicates the mountains were laid down by a cross-wind before the discharge occurred and blasted this canyon. So, the mountains resulted from an evolving storm system that changed it’s winds, surely due to this big spark. Note the cross-hatch patterns of shock diamonds in the canyon flanks.

Figure 11 shows NE quadrant wind-cut valleys between north and east arms of the “X” discharge. Note the many transverse striations of cuts and gorges and how they change orientation between arms of the discharge. Striations come from deposition layers shaped by shock waves transverse to winds, and secondary discharge filaments between circuit paths.

Winds drew into a central vortex at the crux of the discharge, drawing dust into a pile to form the mountain. Therefore each quadrant of the discharge displays shock waves oriented by the wind in that quadrant.

Secondary discharges are from short circuiting sparks between current paths, like sparks between live, bare wires that are too close together. There is one secondary discharge visible that makes it’s own “X” pattern, center right in the image. This is a mini discharge between the AC current in the big “X” and the static build-up of charge in the wind cut lane due to the plasma jet stream. It’s essentially an AC to DC connection that makes a perfect 90 degree reaction just like the big “X”. It’s even in the same orientation – repeating, self similar forms.

In the next article we’ll return to look at more wind-cut valleys in the Laramie Mountains of Wyoming, and how they were shaped by electromagnetic forces.

The Great Red Spot

In Part five of this series we looked at “boot print” craters and found there are cyclones raging on Jupiter right now that can explain them. Shock wave patterns in the crater rims provided confirming evidence. We also looked at California’s mountain and valley structures and correlated those with a storm on Jupiter that displays in great detail the very same features. The examples we’ve looked at point to one significant observation: that fractal forms associated with the processes of charge diffusion can be found in both geology and weather.

Why geology and weather should match really isn’t hard to understand. Capacitance between Earth and sky are responsible for that, forcing charge to diffuse through each layer in mirror image. And that should suffice for an answer if our atmosphere were considered a plasma; charged particles responding to Earth’s spherical capacitance would make sense. But Earth’s atmosphere isn’t considered a plasma. Neither is Jupiter’s for that matter. Where are all the charge carriers?

The answer isn’t in particle physics. It’s in the molecule of water. Water is the charge carrier – the electric wires of the circuit. Water is bi-polar, and so adopts polarity in an electric field. This produces something called “bound current”. Unlike a current of free electrons and ions, a bound current is carried by a bulk material that can be polarized or magnetized. An example is a ferro-magnetic fluid that takes structural form in response to magnetic fields. Water is an example of bound current due to polarization of the water molecule.

Water also changes phase: from vapor to droplet to ice crystal, all in the course of a weather cycle, which changes it’s electrical properties. And it’s self ionizing, readily shedding electrons to generate plasma.

A cold plasma is only partly ionized. A few free electrons and ions floating about. But magnetic fields are created with any moving charge and magnetic fields influence their motion. And water follows, because it polarizes and acts like a big fat charged particle, making clouds into conduits of current generating a stronger magnetic field. Star-like filaments and concentric rings form in thin cirrus of the upper atmosphere. Condensate filaments make turns and shoot tendrils at 90 degrees, crossing other filament paths and interfering in herringbone patterns. These are drift currents, responding to the pull of far-field potential within that layer of strata.

Closer to the ground, fat water clouds form cellular structures, often in tetrahedron shapes, which amplifies waters polarity to a macro-scale. Watch puffy cumulus gather for a storm, ultimately knotting into a torus around up-welling winds to birth a meso-cyclone, and you are seeing a fractal, electromagnetic structure of Nature at work.

Airborne dust, pollen, aerosols and dander cloud the air close to the ground and react between surface and sky to form a charged sheath, polar opposite to the water clouds in the sky. Higher up, where ice forms, wispy cirrus change polarity again. The result is multiple layers of charged cold plasma between the ionosphere and Earth’s surface.

The sky is electric, but consensus science doesn’t seem to recognize that. They will say there is no evidence of charge densities high enough for plasma. That distances are too large to create double layers and develop capacitance. But they don’t recognize water’s role, and frankly, they aren’t looking. They are looking for answers to their preconceived notions about carbon’s minor role in all this, and don’t even ask the right questions.

Just look at the clouds and what you see is an electric-field writ large across the sky:

It really couldn’t be more obvious. Just ignore the scientists and use your own noggin. It’s better if you’re not institutionally taught to ask the wrong questions.

Then take a look at Google Earth, and compare to NASA’s images of Jupiter. You will see all the patterns of Jupiter’s storm clouds reflected in Earth’s geology.

Mountain ranges, and desert dunes carry the shape of the winds that formed them. Rising columns, violent down-bursts, precipitation, whirlwinds and lightning brushed the land like a painter and left indelible brush stokes.

The similarity of shapes and weather comes from internal circuitry of the planets. This means that Jupiter and Earth are very similar in that regard. Repeating forms at different scales is one proof of a fractal process.

Fractals emerge naturally in chemistry, fluid dynamics and biology, but the process that defines them all – the common denominator – is the process of charge diffusion in an electromagnetic field. It manifests not only at the particle scale, but the atomic, molecular and cellular scale, and produces fractal forms at the macro-scale because they are made coherent with electro-magnetic fields.

The Eye of the Storm

Now let’s raise the voltage a bit and see what happens. A correlation between the Colorado Plateau and the Great Red Spot (GRS) has similarities of such complexity and detail, it seems absolutely surreal. Inflow to the GRS appears in two sinuous lanes of rolling winds that correlate with the mountain ranges in the Pacific Northwest.

The Great Basin Vortex

These snaking flows of wind feed a giant thunderhead that occupies the lower third (in the image shown) of the GRS, where white anvil clouds obscure what’s below. Such a meso-cyclone careened over the Great Basin, extending it’s entire rotating wall-cloud clear to the ground. The Great Basin was formed by rippling waves of dust laden winds spun beneath a 100 mile-wide funnel, lashed by torrents of rain.

The parallel rows of basin and range mountains that march like rippling dunes across Nevada were laid transverse to the wind. In the annotated image, wind-fronts are denoted by the dark blue lines. There is an “S” shaped range at the inflection point where the in-flow winds bent to the rotating updraft.

The blue and violet lines denote the wind direction, exiting right (east) at high altitude over Provo, Utah where it made no mark on the land – until it water-fell on the other side of the shear zone that formed the Wasatch Range, spilling a violent downdraft into the Uinta Basin.

Another, larger flanking downdraft flows south over the Wasatch shear zone, and spills down to form the Mogollon Rim, the southern extension of the Colorado Plateau arcing south-east from, roughly, the Kiabab rim of the Grand Canyon to the Gila River in New Mexico. The wind formed rim is intermixed with volcanoes.

Curiously, Nevada’s mountains display wind-formed tetrahedrons in the opposite direction than expected, given the counter-clockwise rotation of the GRS. I drove through Nevada (twice) to confirm what Google Earth showed, because this was a case where land forms disagreed with my expectation. The best explanation for this, given everything in context, is that ground level eddy winds rolled beneath the meso-cyclone rotation like roller-bearings under a spindle.

This was a wet, rotating meso-cyclone, carrying considerable moisture which precipitated out and evaporated forming salt basins behind ranges, and culminating in a rain curtain over what is now the Great Salt Lake and Bonneville Salt Flats.

The long, linear mountain ranges of the Great Basin are in many cases windswept dirt. Hard rock, which indicates heat and recombination of ionic matter is absent, or minimal in many cases which indicates low density lightning in this region. The triangular faces of shock wave reflections earmark wind direction. Often, no triangular shock features are present, indicating subsonic flow, so many hills take a recognizable sand-dune shape.

The Wyoming Vortex

Where the thunderstorm down-drafted to the northeast, it landed in the Uinta Valley and joined the ground winds of another rotation. Actually, it’s two primary rotations that suck wind from the north to form enormous pressure ridges perpendicular to the wind direction: the Wind River and Uinta Mountains.

The mountain ranges formed as lightning arced to ground and charge diffused across the land in channeled currents, which formed dikes. Dikes are walls of rock formed from the country rock fused together, and often display troughs alongside where material sucked to the current.

An example is the Teton’s, where Grand Teton itself is a lightning generated fulgurite surrounded by smaller fulgurites blanketed with wind driven dunes. The Teton fulgurite extended a dike to the south which collected dust against it, which drew more lightning to it, creating a mountain lobe.

Wind piled material against dikes to build a mountain lobe, and leave one flank patterned with the sonic shock of the wind. Winds deflecting horizontal to vertical left ruler straight ridge lines of tetrahedrons where shock reflections patterned diamond shaped regions of expansion and compression.

The wind was pulled by twin whirlwinds created by a grounded current loop. It’s footprint is a dome and crater pair. Dome and crater pairs are created by what I call a coronal loop, because electrically it’s the same as a prominence on the Sun. It’s a ring current coupled to the land, and wind sucks up one side in a meso-cyclone that leaves a dome, walled by inward pointing shock-wave tetrahedrons. The wind loops from the thunderhead anvil to feed the center of a down-drafting cyclone, the footprint of which is a crater with outward pointing tetrahedrons.

This pair is squished into almost polygonal shapes because it’s pressed between larger rotations. The Wyoming Vortex is the smallest of three primary vortexes of the larger multi-vortex storm in the GRS. It isn’t apparent in Jupiter’s clouds, but I suspect it’s there under the anvils.

Kinky Mexico

From the south, hot dry winds scorched across Mexico and the American southwest with counter-flowing winds. Along the turbulent shear zone between, kinks appear in the Sierra Madre Oriental, where north flowing jet streams mixed with a south flowing stream that formed the Sierra Occidental and the alto-Plano in between.

The kinks in Mexico’s cordilleras match remarkably well the kinks of turbulence where inflow and outflow winds mix adjacent to the GRS. That’s probably an understatement. There are details here to fill a book, but take a close look on Google Earth at these kinks to see some amazing wind and shock wave features.

Colorado Plateau and the Eye of the Storm

We looked in an earlier episode at the overall morphology of winds in the very eye of the GRS and the Colorado Plateau. Let’s take an even closer look.

The ‘eye’ is a multiple vortex cyclone, which displays a complex system of coronal loops that twist the wind into a crocheted doily pattern.

There are several paired updraft domes and downdraft craters centered on the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains. The most distinctive is the San Rafael Swell in central Utah.

The Swell is ringed by the explosively charged, dense region of recombination and magnetic pinch known as the San Rafael Reef, where rows of dragon’s teeth – tetrahedral monoliths of hard, fused sandstone – provide evidence of a shock wave at the boundary of the updraft.

The Reef is the rim of an updraft dome formed beneath an intense coronal-loop that raged electrical havoc on the land at the sharp end of the storm. The dome behind is shaped like one lens of an eyeglass, the other lens an inverse copy made by the downdraft of the same loop.

The downdraft crater has a central peak of lightning struck mountains where material drew up in winds generated by the return stroke of the lightning. The rim of the crater forms Capitol Reef, where more monolithic tetrahedrons display wind direction and Mach angles pointing outwards.

Another example of an updraft dome is Monument Valley, Arizona. It’s shark’s teeth rim is formed by inflow winds, expressed in the triangular sandstone layers of Comb Ridge.

The interior of the dome is the sputtered remnants of lightning diffused mesas and pinnacles, preferentially left behind as the landscape around lifted away in the most intense electric-field in the eye of the storm.

The downdraft leg of the Monument Valley ring current lies in the bend of the San Juan River, as it passes through the Four Corners region.

Annotated to distinguish the features, the same eye-glass shape is evident where this coronal loop connects with Earth, but the shape is skewed to the ambient counter-clockwise rotation of the entire storm system. The downdraft lies at 90 degrees to the updraft because of fractal symmetry – something we’ll discuss more – and the ambient rotation of the eye. Once again, the crater has a central peak of lightning fused mountains, but it’s crater rim has largely been swept away and its face flattened by the press of rotating winds. This is “ground zero” for the eye of the storm.

Note, the San Juan River arcs around the downdraft after it passes through the center of the updraft, just as the tributary of the Green River wrapped around the Capitol Reef downdraft crater and then shot through the heart of the San Rafael Dome. These are the fractal forms of surface conductive discharges, or “arc blast”, and the rivers are part of it (which will be discussed in future articles).

Fractal Elements

A shear zone separates the Wyoming vortex from the eye rotation over the Plateau. At this shear zone, like others, mountains formed beneath welling updrafts. In this case, nestled against the powerful updrafts of the San Rafael Swell and surrounding cyclones, it formed in the shape of an oxbow.

Here we see one of the wonders of fractal forms. The “oxbow” on Jupiter is a distorted image of the “oxbow” on Earth, with the bows curving in opposite arcs. Seems odd, but Nature is kind of dyslexic. Fractals display rotational and translational symmetries, meaning a shape can be in any of several orientations – rotated at 90, or 180 degrees, or flipped about one axis in mirror image, or translated back-assward. When this happens it doesn’t change the overall structure it’s a part of, and the energy balance remains the same.

Harmonic repetitions also appear. The most striking example lies smack between the updraft dome and downdraft crater of the San Rafael coronal storm loop.

Watch this fractal expression expand in scale. Images are taken along a “z” axis in space from a single point on the ground, at varying altitudes.

The fractal repeats, but the center point of each fractal expression stays in place. It morphs in form with emergent effects, but the fundamental circuit relationships remain solidly displayed. They are the same weather patterns we have today, but of super-Olympian scale, as told in countless ancient accounts. We need to start listening to the ancients, because they knew things we don’t.

Eye of the Storm has presented an aerial view of the coupling of Earth’s atmosphere to it’s surface, so far. Next episode, it’s time to switch and talk about the other side of the mirror – the dark side of the mirror. Below Earth’s crust lie dragons and demons.

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Large Scale Wind Structures

In previous articles we established a link between the winds of Jupiter and land forms on Earth. In primordial times, Earth’s weather was like Jupiter’s, with raging plasma whirlwinds and segregated electric jet streams that attained supersonic speeds. Close examination of mountains and other land forms shows clear evidence of wind-blown deposition that layered the land, supersonic shock waves that shaped mountain flanks, massive lightning discharges that welded rock, and plasma vortexes that blow-torched the land.

Jupiter’s winds are the result of capacitance between double layers in the atmosphere and the plasma sheath at the planet’s surface. We don’t know what the surface of Jupiter is, but it doesn’t matter – it still forms a plasma sheath – a double layer at the interface between crust and atmosphere. Electric circuits form the winds; by capacitance, inductance and magnetic fields. Surface and atmosphere are coupled by capacitance, and ongoing release of energy from Jupiter’s interior is what stirs the winds.

On Earth, dust particles, aerosols and the water cycle – evaporation, condensation, ice and rain – are the charge carriers, or the “wires” of the circuit. On Jupiter, it also includes ammonia and other species.

Regardless of the difference in chemistry between Earth and Jupiter, charge diffusion in Nature follows patterns. A lightning bolt on Jupiter is like a lightning bolt on Earth. It is a discharge between plasma layers that takes a fractal path as ionized filaments react in feedback with the magnetic field the current produces.

Fractal forms are generated by this feedback loop in any process of charge diffusion. They are not restricted to the Litchenburg pattern of a lightning bolt, but are evident in the helical path of field aligned Berkeland currents, the geometry of electro-magnetic fields, and drift currents reacting to far-field potentials.

So it should be no surprise at all to find the same fractal patterns in Jupiter’s winds as we find on Earth’s landscape, if indeed the landscape was formed by similar winds.

Boot Prints

One spade-shaped feature is almost ubiquitous in Jupiter’s turbulence: the ‘boot print’. On Jupiter, the boot print is the down-drafting eye of a cyclone being pinched in the turbulent flow of competing winds. Like a hurricane, it is fed by billowing thunderstorms surrounding a whirlpool, which together forms a piece of a circuit – a ring current between the atmosphere and ground. The shape at the cloud tops is carried to the surface and reflected there, because the structure is a fractal, rotating filament of current reaching the surface.

When Earth’s weather raged like Jupiter’s, Earth was in it’s formative age. The continents were being built, as layer upon layer of dust accumulated on a foundation of volcanic flows. Turbulent cyclones in Earth’s atmosphere produced boot prints identical in form to the boot prints on Jupiter. Boot prints on Earth are literally, the footprints of storms.

Boot prints on Earth are clear evidence of electric formation, because they display exactly what is expected in fine detail. The boot print is the consequence of a down bursting wind – a hot, ionized, super-sonic, dust laden wind aimed at the ground like a blow-torch.

The mountain rim is the pattern of a standing shock wave. The repeating triangular layers on the inner flanks are impressed there by harmonic shock reflections, which channeled the wind at the boundary layer, and trapped dust in the low pressure zone of the triangular wave-forms.

Shock waves produce triangular patterns of expansion and compression when a supersonic wind is deflected — like when it hits solid land.

Just ahead of where a shock wave reflects, a low pressure region forms called the “Separation Bubble”. The separation bubble is in the shape of a tetrahedron, with a triangular face perpendicular to the wind at the same angle as the shock wave reflection – called the Mach angle.

As dust laden, ionized winds pass through the separation bubble, this low pressure region collects dust like a vacuum cleaner, and piles it in triangular layers. Therefore the rims, or mountains surrounding a boot print crater display these triangular layers.

If a down burst wind strikes at an angle, rotates, or its mass flow is biased to one side, it will affect the shape of the crater it forms. Boot prints are often accompanied by a feature called a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan. It is a series of standing shock waves that form linear rays of compression and rarefaction where the wind strikes and reflects off an object. This pattern implies the boot print is the result of an obliquely striking wind that rotated.

If you have ever watched tornadoes, you probably noticed they are rarely perfectly vertical. They contact the ground at an angle, and the rotating wind is lifted to one side, and grinds against the ground on the opposite side. That is precisely what has happened here to produce a boot print crater with an expansion fan.

This single example is proof of my theory. Anyone with a supersonic wind tunnel can produce a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan, tetrahedron shaped separation bubbles and triangular harmonic reflections – it’s been done countless times. But show a way to produce all of these together in a large scale coherent form by tectonic uplift, seismic vibration, slip faulting, erosion, or any other conventional geophysical means. Can’t be done. It is uniquely the result of supersonic shock. Nature provides rational, obvious proof, without need for computers or numeric models.

The pattern is not vague, like Jesus on a piece of toast. It is confirmed in every detail. The correlation is not only visual similarity, but also causation – vertical high speed winds, electrically charged and shaped by electromagnetic fields. Proof of the winds of Jupiter are in NASA’s data; proof of the ground effects on Earth are under our feet, and in decades of applied science in supersonic shock wave behavior. Proper interpretation of data and some wind tunnel testing would put the issue to bed.

But maybe I can do that with this next example.

California

California’s most prominent feature is the San Joaquin Valley and it’s ring of mountains, including the imposing Sierra Nevada mountain arc and coastal ranges. Inside this bathtub, the floor of the valley is a long, flat plain, which at one time was an ancient sea bed.

It was created by a storm like this on Jupiter. So, let’s look at some amazing details.

In this image, I indicate four specific areas we’ll discuss.

Area 1 – Mojave Desert

This almost perfect triangular plain of high desert is demarcated by the straight line of the Tehachapi mountains to the north, and the straight line of San Gabriel mountains to the south, which also, by the way, aligns with the San Andreas Fault.

It correlates to the region of low level winds, tinted blue, at the cusp of the oval storm rotation on Jupiter. These winds are sinking winds – that is they are pressing against the ground in a Venturi effect as they speed around the cusp of the storm. The yellow-brown ring of the storm is a rising wind, forming what is essentially a continuous ring of thunderstorms. The sharp triangular demarcation between desert and mountain is the shear zone where shock waves formed between the low level horizontal winds and the rising winds of the rotating storm.

As these winds rounded the corner into the Venturi, they accelerated, gouging the deep Owens, Saline, Amorgosa and Death Valleys. Separating these valleys rise eleven thousand foot ridge lines of the Panamint, Darwin and Amorgosa ranges. They formed as sastrugi, parallel to the jet streams in low pressure interference zones between the laminar jet streams.

Lightning in this region was imposing. A plasma intensifies in a shear zone, meaning it  generates ion content due to the shearing and extreme temperature and pressure differentials. Shearing supersonic winds bounce shock waves between them, generating high current density in jet-streams that extended for thousands of miles. Lightning discharge from these plasma streams focused on the piling mountains below with the capacity of a thousand mile long thunderstorm being continually fed new energy.

The current dumped in the strike zone didn’t simply flash a split second, here and there, but arced continuously, diffusing through the land welding granite from dust and sand. That is why the Sierras, in this southern portion of the range, have the most impressive granite structures: Yosemite, Mt. Whitney, it’s neighboring peaks, and the Domes. The granite of the Sierras lies atop sediments, which implies the storm(s), by either wind or tsunami, brought layers of dust long before lightning began to strike.

Area 2 – Coalinga

Coaling Station “A” was it’s original name. Coalinga, as it’s called today, is an oil patch town. The foothills that surround it are oil fields – anticlines of shallow sandstone saturated in heavy oil. Similar anticlines flank the western side of the San Joaquin Valley, from Coalinga to the end of the bath tub at Bakersfield. These anticlines compose some of the largest oilfields in North America.

What created them was like this turbulent region in Jupiter’s clouds. The colorized image from NASA shows a crab-claw cloud structure, with high level clouds in yellow, and low level clouds in blue and black. There are several tornado rotations along the boundaries of opposing flows. There are also deep, dark, linear filaments.

Now correlate the dark filaments with the deep cut, linear valleys near Coalinga. The dark filaments are ground level jet streams, which are what formed these valleys by preventing dust from depositing. Follow the filament in Jupiter’s cloud and it ends in a tornado. Follow the valleys near Coalinga and they end in hills with spiral features. In other words, the filaments are jet streams hugging the ground, cutting beneath the storm clouds to feed a giant tornado. Fascinating isn’t it?

Blue lines in the wind pattern image represent ground level winds, combing across the San Joaquin Valley, and rising into thunderstorms. Yellow represents the higher level meso-cyclone winds which rained dust and rock. The blue winds approach the thunderstorms orthogonally, then rise in the updraft of the storm. Dark blue lines are the tornadoes and ground hugging jet streams.

A drive through the region shows the mountains are wind blown dunes that rise abruptly from the flat valley floor, and display exactly the wind patterns I describe.

It seems chaotic – winds criss-crossing in every direction. But it’s not. The overall wind structure is called a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. It’s a fractal pattern that happens all the time if there is wind shear.

Area 3 – San Joaquin Valley

Look inside the yellow ring of thunderstorms, and see there are dozens of small vortexes. These are tornadoes, or perhaps water spouts, because the San Joaquin Valley was likely a sea at the time.

Among all the tiny whirlwinds is one giant tornado almost in the center of the storm. This feature correlates well with a circular region of the Sierra foothills at the North end of the San Joaquin Valley. If you have ever driven from Sacramento to Lake Tahoe on State Highway 50, past the town of Folsom where I once lived, you have climbed the Sierra foothills that constitute this feature. A distinct swirl is evident in the hills just above (to the East) of Folsom Lake.

The swirl is fed by ground level winds entering the vortex from the left (South), whereas the top level winds in Jupiter’s cloud tops flow in from below (from the West on the Earth image). This indicates differences in flow patterns between double layers due to the rotational symmetry of fractals. Fractal rotational symmetry is when a fractal shape repeats, but rotated by 90, or 180 degrees. This indicates the wind clocks around ninety degrees at different layers of the storm. The same thing occurs in hurricanes and meso-cyclones on Earth, even today.

Area 4 – San Fransisco Bay

Here, you are literally seeing the drain in the bath tub. Follow the dark filaments in Jupiter’s clouds and they converge in a vortex.

Compare the dark filaments on Jupiter to the long, linear valleys leading to San Francisco Bay, and you see the same pattern. The dark filaments are ground level jet streams that scoured the land, while the light-colored cloud tops are thunderstorm anvils raining charged dust to form the mountains.

Look close at Jupiter’s clouds near the center of rotation and there is a dark “X” shaped feature. Then compare to the Sacramento Delta and you’ll see, the Delta is the top of the “X”. Again, it’s because the dark filaments are ground scouring winds, which in this case scoured the land to a depth below current sea level.

I hope these images provide unambiguous evidence of how the Earth was formed. Any one, or two matching features between the clouds of Jupiter and the Earth’s landscape could be coincidence. But overlay Jupiter’s oval storm on California and all seven features depicted here match in both shape and position, and the wind patterns not only look like, but explain the land features. At least they do if you apply electric circuitry, and ignore consensus science.

There is a host of interesting things to learn by understanding California’s true formation. For instance, a whirlwind formed hill in Kern County is full of ancient shark’s teeth fossils. These sharks date to the middle Miocene, roughly 15 million years ago by consensus chronology. I don’t trust consensus chronology, but it does place a bookmark in the fossil and geologic record. Oil sands in San Joaquin date from the Miocene and earlier, except for one shallow Pliocene sediment. The Miocene epoch that formed Shark Hill was likely the last time such a mountain building storm raged over California. But stratigraphy and the fossil record suggests there were many similar fractal storms in earlier epochs.

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Originally published by Thunderbolts.info

In Part 1 of Lightning Scarred Earth, Shiprock was presented as an example of a pinnacle created by lightning. Fulgarites are created when lightning strikes, and current penetrates the ground, leaving a hollow tube of glassy, fused material behind. Current from the lightning vaporizes and extracts material in it’s path, while it’s heat vitrifies the surrounding soil, leaving behind glassy tubes.

Based on it’s features, it’s proposed that Shiprock is a standing fulgarite, created by lightning so powerful and sustained that the material began to recombine in the current as it was pulled from the ground, leaving behind a pinnacle of fused material instead of a hollow tube. Once material recombines, it’s no longer charged and attracted to the lightning channel, so is left behind, it’s ionic makeup altered by the current and heat.

The morphology of Shiprock displays this very well, with columns of fused rock, surrounding an inner core of minette – ionically altered material pulled from the ground by the flow of current. Surrounding the pinnacle are minette dykes radiating away in a star pattern.

Minette is high in potassium and low in silica content. It contains high volumes of orthoclase and biotite. Both are minerals with high metal content, such as potassium, iron and sodium.

Silica dioxide will readily exchange oxygen with metals, such as those found in the orthoclase and biotite, when sufficient heat is applied. The prevalence of potassium and other metals crystallized in minette, and its under-saturation of silica, is evidence of the reduction taking place as it was formed.

This suggests that the lightning forming it was positive lightning, which is the type of powerful lightning seen striking from the stratospheric anvil clouds in thunderstorms. Electrons and negative ions in the ground, pulled out by the positively charged lightning, left behind a concentration of positively charged material which was not attracted and drawn away. The dykes and inner core of the pinnacle show the path of the current being drawn to the lightning discharge.

Following the lightning strike that formed the pinnacle, the area was left with a net positive charge, which attracted a secondary ground discharge, or arc blast that emanated from a different discharge process. This secondary discharge will be explored more in the future, but it’s worth mentioning now because it left a magnificent Lichtenberg pattern across the ground, unique to the area immediately surrounding Shiprock.

The next series of images shows the evolution in magnitude of this type of formation. These are all examples from the four corners region in Northern Arizona.

First, when lightning similar in magnitude to what we see today strikes the ground, it sweeps surrounding surface sand to it, drawing it to the lightning channel and creating a shallow crater. Examples of this were shown in Part 1. where lightning created small craters with a pile of sand left behind in a small cone.

Again, these are not anthills, although they could easily be mistaken for them on cursory examination. There are no ants, no opening in the mound, and it’s dusted over the top with sand fused into pebbles. The pebbles rest in a thin layer over the top, like sprinkles on an ice cream cone. Beneath is powder fine sand.

The top layer was formed from sand pulled into the lightning channel and fused into pebbles by heat, then dropped back on top of the mound when the flame extinguished. They bear the same character as the minette material in Shiprock’s center and dyke formations. All of the mound material and surrounding sand measures high in pH.

The following images show buttes at various stages of growth. The first exhibits an up-welling of minette. The second and third images show the broken remains of the sheath, and the last image shows the dark minette partially surrounded by the lighter rock sheath.

Another type of lightning formed butte has a different morphology that appears to be created by negative cloud to ground lightning – the type of lightning that emanates from the belly of thunderstorms.

Because the Earth is generally a negatively charged body, at least in terms of ground charge, it forms a double layer at the interface with the atmosphere. When a thunderstorm forms, and the electric field strengthens, positively charged ions in the atmospheric zone of the double layer collect above the ground beneath the storm.

Before negative cloud-to-ground lightning strikes, it pulls this material into positive ionic streamers that reach up to connect with the electron avalanche produced by the cloud. When the streamer and avalanche leader connect, a circuit is completed and current discharges through the channel, electrons flowing to ground and positive ions flowing up to the clouds.

The magnetic field created by the current wraps tightly around the channel, compressing it to a narrow path in what is known as a ‘Z pinch’. ‘Z pinch’ has been demonstrated in the lab by simply passing current through an aluminum can, with the electrodes connected at the top and bottom. The resulting pinch crushes the can into an hourglass shape.

In the huge primordial storms that we theorize occurred in Earth’s past, such lightning and pinch effects resulted in huge amounts of positive ionic material being swept to the lightning channel with such extreme force it sometimes created supersonic winds.

Fulgamites formed by sustained, giant cloud-to-ground arcs display the effects of discharging current, accumulation of ionic dust, z-pinch and the supersonic winds and shock waves they produced. The images presented show the progression of such an event.

First, the strike forms a raised platform, with a shallow crater in the center where the lightning created an electrode spot. The rim of the crater is material swept inward by ionic winds and fused. There is a road cutting through the crater in the first image to give some perspective how large the feature is. These images are from Arizona, near Pastora Mountain.

A more sustained strike begins to accumulate neutralizing material on the spot, forming a flat-topped dome, like a pancake. As the material accumulates, the pancake grows to a mesa type structure, held together in a round form by the magnetic pinch.

In the next phase of growth, the mesa grows taller and the inflow winds begin to reach mach speeds, creating shock waves that mold the rim material into triangular standing wave forms. A detailed discussion of this shock wave and the triangular buttress formations they create is presented more fully in previous articles on Arc Blast.

As neutralized material builds, the anode spot the lightning connects with is at the top of the mesa, and rises with it. The strength of the pinch narrows the top forming a cone, and new regions of windblown, fused and shock-shaped buttresses form rims outside the older rim.

The difference between lightning formed pinnacles like Shiprock, and the broad mountain forms shown in these images, seems to be polarity in the lightning. This interpretation is preliminary, but it appears that positive lightning burrows into the ground to connect with negative ionic matter beneath the surface, whereas negative lightning attracts surface winds and dust to it.

Positive lightning raises a narrow pinnacle of negatively charged material that boils up from the ground, with dykes which display the current path through the subsurface. Not much material is drawn to it from the surroundings, except for the sheath of rock it forms around it.

Negative lightning connects with pools and streamers of positively charged matter at the surface, and pulls huge amounts of airborne dust to create a dome with hardened, buttressed rims.

In both cases, mountains can form around them due to ambient winds and blowing dust. Positive arc fulgamites can form monoclines along the dykes, if ambient, supersonic winds strike them to create a standing wave, where dust piles into long, linear ranges of triangular wave forms.

The last images above, taken at Comb Ridge monocline in northern Arizona, shows where fulgamites and dykes are exposed in the monocline. These protrusions created a shock wave in mach speed ambient winds that formed a linear standing wave, against which the monocline was formed like a dune, as blowing dust accumulated. There are several monoclines on the Colorado Plateau that exhibit the same, or similar features.

Negative arc fulgamites create their own winds, bringing dust to pile against them from all directions, and if powerful enough, form standing shock waves that generate buttresses in a ring around the base.

The circular craters and mesas in the images were formed by lightning, while the mountain was expanded by wind borne dust accumulating around them. There are several examples of mountains with these features in the Four Corners region.

Mountains are a misunderstood feature of the planet. Geological concepts are based on rocks forming deep in Earth’s crust and being exposed by erosion and tectonic motions, entailing, of course, hundreds of millions of years. It’s a very complex process that has not, and cannot be witnessed, or confirmed by experiment.

Mountain formation by wind and electric discharge, however, can be witnessed in nature. Sand dunes are a prime example. Mountains can also be produced in laboratories. So can rock. It happens when slag is produced from welding, ore and metal processing, or from chemical reactions like cement. Atomic and molecular bonding is an electrical process – the exchange and sharing of electrons.

Electricity and wind is a far more plausible mechanism for mountain building than what is proposed by the consensus theories. Especially since the actions of wind and lightning that formed mountains on Earth can be seen in any thunderstorm. One only needs to extrapolate the forces and energies involved to what they would have been when Earth was in a much stronger electrical environment.

Amplify the electric field of a thunderstorm by orders of magnitude, and it will produce an ionized atmosphere, screaming with supersonic winds, ionized dust, and incredible discharges of lightning that dwarf what we experience today. For examples, we need only to look at our neighboring planets. These conditions exist on Jupiter, Saturn and Venus. Why would Earth be any different.

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